if ((error = snd_ad1816a_open(chip, AD1816A_MODE_PLAYBACK)) < 0)
                return error;
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
        runtime->hw = snd_ad1816a_playback;
        snd_pcm_limit_isa_dma_size(chip->dma1, &runtime->hw.buffer_bytes_max);
        snd_pcm_limit_isa_dma_size(chip->dma1, &runtime->hw.period_bytes_max);
 
        if ((error = snd_ad1816a_open(chip, AD1816A_MODE_CAPTURE)) < 0)
                return error;
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
        runtime->hw = snd_ad1816a_capture;
        snd_pcm_limit_isa_dma_size(chip->dma2, &runtime->hw.buffer_bytes_max);
        snd_pcm_limit_isa_dma_size(chip->dma2, &runtime->hw.period_bytes_max);
 
 
 /* hardware definition */
 static struct snd_pcm_hardware snd_ca0106_playback_hw = {
-       .info =                 (SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP | 
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID),
+       .info =                 SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP | 
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_SYNC_START,
        .formats =              SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE | SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S32_LE,
        .rates =                (SNDRV_PCM_RATE_48000 | SNDRV_PCM_RATE_96000 |
                                 SNDRV_PCM_RATE_192000),
                 return err;
        if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_constraint_step(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_BYTES, 64)) < 0)
                 return err;
+       snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
 
        if (chip->details->spi_dac && channel_id != PCM_FRONT_CHANNEL) {
                const int reg = spi_dacd_reg[channel_id];
 
 
 static struct snd_pcm_hardware snd_cs4281_playback =
 {
-       .info =                 (SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_PAUSE |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_SYNC_START),
+       .info =                 SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_PAUSE |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME,
        .formats =              SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_U8 | SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S8 |
                                SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_U16_LE | SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE |
                                SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_U16_BE | SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_BE |
 
 static struct snd_pcm_hardware snd_cs4281_capture =
 {
-       .info =                 (SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_PAUSE |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_SYNC_START),
+       .info =                 SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_PAUSE |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME,
        .formats =              SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_U8 | SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S8 |
                                SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_U16_LE | SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE |
                                SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_U16_BE | SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_BE |
        dma->right_slot = 1;
        runtime->private_data = dma;
        runtime->hw = snd_cs4281_playback;
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
        /* should be detected from the AC'97 layer, but it seems
           that although CS4297A rev B reports 18-bit ADC resolution,
           samples are 20-bit */
        dma->right_slot = 11;
        runtime->private_data = dma;
        runtime->hw = snd_cs4281_capture;
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
        /* should be detected from the AC'97 layer, but it seems
           that although CS4297A rev B reports 18-bit ADC resolution,
           samples are 20-bit */
 
                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER |
                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID |
                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_PAUSE |
-                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_SYNC_START |
                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME
                                ),
        .formats =              (
                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP |
                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER |
-                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID |
-                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_SYNC_START
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID
                                ),
        .formats =              (
                                SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE
        runtime->hw = snd_cs5535audio_playback;
        cs5535au->playback_substream = substream;
        runtime->private_data = &(cs5535au->dmas[CS5535AUDIO_DMA_PLAYBACK]);
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
        if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_constraint_integer(runtime,
                                SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIODS)) < 0)
                return err;
        runtime->hw = snd_cs5535audio_capture;
        cs5535au->capture_substream = substream;
        runtime->private_data = &(cs5535au->dmas[CS5535AUDIO_DMA_CAPTURE]);
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
        if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_constraint_integer(runtime,
                                         SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIODS)) < 0)
                return err;
 
 
  /* hardware definition */
 static struct snd_pcm_hardware snd_p16v_playback_hw = {
-       .info =                 (SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP | 
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME |
-                                SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID),
+       .info =                 SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP | 
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID |
+                               SNDRV_PCM_INFO_SYNC_START,
        .formats =              SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S32_LE, /* Only supports 24-bit samples padded to 32 bits. */
        .rates =                SNDRV_PCM_RATE_192000 | SNDRV_PCM_RATE_96000 | SNDRV_PCM_RATE_48000 | SNDRV_PCM_RATE_44100, 
        .rate_min =             44100,
        if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_constraint_integer(runtime, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIODS)) < 0)
                 return err;
 
+       runtime->sync.id32[0] = substream->pcm->card->number;
+       runtime->sync.id32[1] = 'P';
+       runtime->sync.id32[2] = 16;
+       runtime->sync.id32[3] = 'V';
+
        return 0;
 }
 /* open_capture callback */
 
        K1212_DEBUG_PRINTK("K1212_DEBUG: snd_korg1212_playback_open [%s]\n",
                           stateName[korg1212->cardState]);
 
-        snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);    // ???
-
        snd_korg1212_OpenCard(korg1212);
 
         runtime->hw = snd_korg1212_playback_info;
        K1212_DEBUG_PRINTK("K1212_DEBUG: snd_korg1212_capture_open [%s]\n",
                           stateName[korg1212->cardState]);
 
-        snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
-
        snd_korg1212_OpenCard(korg1212);
 
         runtime->hw = snd_korg1212_capture_info;
 
                return err;
 
        runtime->hw = snd_m3_playback;
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(subs);
 
        return 0;
 }
                return err;
 
        runtime->hw = snd_m3_capture;
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(subs);
 
        return 0;
 }
 
 static struct snd_pcm_hardware snd_mixart_analog_caps =
 {
        .info             = ( SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
-                             SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_SYNC_START |
+                             SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID |
                              SNDRV_PCM_INFO_PAUSE),
        .formats          = ( SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_U8 |
                              SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE | SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_BE |
 static struct snd_pcm_hardware snd_mixart_digital_caps =
 {
        .info             = ( SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
-                             SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_SYNC_START |
+                             SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID |
                              SNDRV_PCM_INFO_PAUSE),
        .formats          = ( SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_U8 |
                              SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE | SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_BE |
 
        runtime->private_data = s;
        s->substream = substream;
 
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
        snd_pcm_hw_constraint_list(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE,
                                   &constraints_rates);
 }
 
        snd_pcm_hw_constraint_step(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_BYTES, 4);
        snd_pcm_hw_constraint_step(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_BYTES, 4);
 
+       snd_pcm_set_sync(subs);
+
        mgr->ref_count_rate++;
 
        mutex_unlock(&mgr->setup_mutex);
 
        struct rme96 *rme96 = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
 
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
-
        spin_lock_irq(&rme96->lock);    
         if (rme96->playback_substream != NULL) {
                spin_unlock_irq(&rme96->lock);
        struct rme96 *rme96 = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
 
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
-
        runtime->hw = snd_rme96_capture_spdif_info;
         if (snd_rme96_getinputtype(rme96) != RME96_INPUT_ANALOG &&
             (rate = snd_rme96_capture_getrate(rme96, &isadat)) > 0)
        struct rme96 *rme96 = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;        
        
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
-
        spin_lock_irq(&rme96->lock);    
         if (rme96->playback_substream != NULL) {
                spin_unlock_irq(&rme96->lock);
        struct rme96 *rme96 = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
 
-       snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
-
        runtime->hw = snd_rme96_capture_adat_info;
         if (snd_rme96_getinputtype(rme96) == RME96_INPUT_ANALOG) {
                 /* makes no sense to use analog input. Note that analog
 
 
        runtime->hw.periods_max = rec->cmd.size - 1;
 
-       if (chip->can_duplex)
-               snd_pcm_set_sync(subs);
-
        /* constraints to fix choppy sound */
        snd_pcm_hw_constraint_integer(runtime, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIODS);
        return 0;